Impact of childhood cancer on growth.

Along with improvements in cancer treatment over time, the number of childhood cancer survivors has been growing. Survivors are at risk for serious medical complications, and growth impairment is among the most common. There are multiple factors that may cause impaired growth among survivors. In this article, we will review the impact of cancer on growth in children and adolescents. We first provide an overview of growth disturbance among childhood cancer patients and survivors due to non-hormonal causes, including a recent understanding of the effect of targeted cancer therapies (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors) on growth. Then, we describe the hormonal causes of growth impairment among survivors, focusing on growth hormone deficiency, including the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment. Lastly, we briefly summarize overgrowth and tall stature in childhood cancer. It is critical to assess the linear growth of children and adolescents, especially in cancer survivors who are at risk for growth disturbance, since growth is an important measure of their health.