Anti-membrane Antibodies Persist at Least One Year and Discriminate Between Past Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Vaccination.
Maya F AmjadiRyan R AdyniecSrishti GuptaS Janna BasharAisha M MergaertKatarina M BraunGage K MorenoDavid H O'ConnorThomas C FriedrichNasia SafdarSara S McCoyMiriam A ShelefPublished in: The Journal of infectious diseases (2022)
Thus, anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies together can differentiate between COVID-19 convalescent, vaccinated, and naive states to advance public health and research.