Causal effects of psychosocial factors on chronic back pain: a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study.
Frances M K WilliamsElizaveta E ElgaevaMaxim B FreidinOlga O ZaytsevaYurii S AulchenkoYakov A TsepilovPradeep SuriPublished in: European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2022)
Fewer years of schooling, smoking, greater alcohol consumption, and major depressive disorder increase the risk of CBP. CBP increases the risk of greater alcohol consumption and smoking.