Integrated analysis of microbiome and host transcriptome reveals correlations between gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

This study revealed that changes in tumor immune microenvironment caused by the gut microbiota via serum bile acids may be important factors associated with tumor burden and adverse clinical outcome. Gut microbes can be used as biomarkers of clinical features and outcomes, and the microbe-associated transcripts of host tumors can partly explain how gut microbiota promotes HCC pathogenesis.