Immune checkpoint inhibitors for brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer: from rationale to clinical application.
Gang XiaoZhiyuan LiuXuan GaoHan WangHaiqin PengJiahui LiLei YangHexin DuanRongrong ZhouPublished in: Immunotherapy (2021)
Brain metastases (BM) is common in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have gradually become a routine treatment for NSCLC BM patients. Currently, three PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab and cemiplimab), one PD-L1 inhibitor (atezolizumab) and one CTLA-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab) have been approved for the first-line treatment of metastatic NSCLC. It is still controversial whether PD-L1, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and tumor mutation burden can be used as predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC patients with BM. In addition, clinical data on NSCLC BM were inadequate. Here, we review the theoretical basis and clinical data for the application of ICIs in the therapy of NSCLC BM.
Keyphrases
- brain metastases
- small cell lung cancer
- advanced non small cell lung cancer
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- peritoneal dialysis
- stem cells
- prognostic factors
- clinical trial
- squamous cell carcinoma
- electronic health record
- big data
- epidermal growth factor receptor
- peripheral blood
- bone marrow
- cell therapy
- mesenchymal stem cells