RlmQ: a newly discovered rRNA modification enzyme bridging RNA modification and virulence traits in Staphylococcus aureus .

rRNA modifications play crucial roles in fine-tuning the delicate balance between translation speed and accuracy, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Comparative analyses of the rRNA modifications in taxonomically distant bacteria could help define their general, as well as species-specific, roles. In this study, we identified a new methyltransferase, RlmQ, in Staphylococcus aureus responsible for the Gram-positive specific m 7 G2601, which is not modified in Escherichia coli (G2574). We also demonstrate the absence of methylation on C1989, equivalent to E. coli C1962, which is methylated at position 5 by the Gram-negative specific RlmI methyltransferase, a paralog of RlmQ. Both modifications ( S. aureus m 7 G2601 and E. coli m 5 C1962) are situated within the same tRNA accommodation corridor, hinting at a potential shared function in translation. Inactivation of S. aureus rlmQ causes the loss of methylation at G2601 and significantly impacts growth, cytotoxicity, and biofilm formation. These findings unravel the intricate connections between rRNA modifications, translation, and virulence in pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria.