Hydration and Charge-Transfer Effects of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Binding to a Carboxylate Anion, Phosphate Anion, and Guanine Nucleobase.

To investigate the ability of alkaline earth metal ions to tune ion-mediated DNA adsorption, hydrated Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ ions bound to a carboxylate anion, phosphate anion, and guanine nucleobase were modeled using density functional theory (DFT) and a combined explicit and continuum solvent model. The large first solvation shell of Ba2+ requires a larger solute cavity defined by a solvent-accessible surface, which is used to model all hydrated ions. Alkaline earth metal ions bind indirectly or directly to each binding site. DFT binding energies decrease with increasing ion size, which is likely due to ion size and hydration structure, rather than quantum effects such as charge transfer. However, charge transfer explains weaker ion binding to guanine compared to phosphate or carboxylate. Overall, carboxylate and phosphate anions are expected to compete equally for hydrated Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ ions and larger alkaline earth metal ions may induce weaker ion-mediated adsorption. The ion size and hydration structure of alkaline earth metal ions may effectively tune ion-mediated adsorption processes, such as DNA adsorption to functionalized surfaces.