Functional Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation across the Whole Spectrum of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Recognizing the Elephant in the Room of Heart Failure.
Valeria CammalleriGiorgio AntonelliValeria Maria De LucaMyriam CarpenitoAnnunziata NuscaMaria Caterina BonoSimona MegaGian Paolo UssiaFrancesco GrigioniPublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2023)
Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) and tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) occur due to cardiac remodeling in the presence of structurally normal valve apparatus. Two main mechanisms are involved, distinguishing an atrial functional form (when annulus dilatation is predominant) and a ventricular form (when ventricular remodeling and dysfunction predominate). Both affect the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) across the entire spectrum of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), including preserved (HFpEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), or reduced (HFrEF). Currently, data on the management of functional valve regurgitation in the various HF phenotypes are limited. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of FMR and FTR within the different patterns of HF, as defined by LVEF.
Keyphrases
- aortic stenosis
- ejection fraction
- left ventricular
- aortic valve
- heart failure
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement
- mitral valve
- left atrial
- cardiac resynchronization therapy
- acute heart failure
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- acute myocardial infarction
- coronary artery disease
- atrial fibrillation
- oxidative stress
- coronary artery
- machine learning
- catheter ablation
- acute coronary syndrome
- artificial intelligence
- pulmonary arterial hypertension