1 H-NMR and LC-MS Based Metabolomics Analysis of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars Irrigated with Fly Ash Treated Acid Mine Drainage.

1 H NMR and LC-MS, commonly used metabolomics analytical platforms, were used to annotate the metabolites found in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated with four different treatments based on FA to AMD ratios, namely: control (0% AMD; tap water), 1:1 (50% AMD), 3:1 (75% AMD is 75% FA: AMD), and 100% AMD (untreated). The effects of stress on plants were illustrated by the primary metabolite shifts in the region from δ H 0.0 to δ H 4.0 and secondary metabolites peaks were prominent in the region ranging from δ H 4.5 to δ H 8.0. The 1:3 irrigation treatment enabled, in two potato cultivars, the production of significantly high concentrations of secondary metabolites due to the 75% FA: AMD content in the irrigation mixture, which induced stress. The findings suggested that 1:1 irrigation treatment induced production of lower amounts of secondary metabolites in all crops compared to crops irrigated with untreated acid mine drainage treatment and with other FA-treated AMD solutions.