Electronic health record-based prediction models for in-hospital adverse drug event diagnosis or prognosis: a systematic review.

Several challenges should be addressed before the models can be widely implemented, including the adherence to reporting standards and the adoption of best practice methods for model development and validation. In addition, we propose a reorientation of the ADE prediction modeling domain to include causality as a fundamental challenge that needs to be addressed in future studies, either through acquiring ADE labels via formal causality assessments or the usage of adverse event labels in combination with causal prediction modeling.