Nanometer-Sized Aggregates Generated Using Short Solubility Controlling Peptide Tags Do Increase the In Vivo Immunogenicity of a Nonimmunogenic Protein.

Subvisible aggregates of proteins are suspected to cause adverse immune response, and a recent FDA guideline has recommended the monitoring of micrometer-sized aggregates (2-10 μm) though recognizing that the underlying mechanism behind aggregation and immunogenicity remains unclear. Here, we report a correlation between the immunogenicity and the size of nanometer-scaled aggregates of a small 6.5 kDa model protein, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) variant. BPTI-19A, a monomeric and nonimmunogenic protein, was oligomerized into subvisible aggregates with hydrodynamic radii (Rh) of 3-4 nm by attaching hydrophobic solubility controlling peptide (SCP) tags to its C-terminus. The results showed that the association of nonimmunogenic BPTI into nanometer-sized subvisible aggregates made it highly immunogenic, as assessed by the IgG antibody titers of the mice's sera. Overall, the study emphasizes that subvisible aggregates, as small as a few nanometers, which are presently ignored, are worth monitoring for deciphering the origin of undesired immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins.