Facet-Dependent Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 (110)/BiVO 4 (010)/Fe 2 O 3 Dual S-Scheme Photocatalyst as an Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Peroxymonosulfate Activator for Norfloxacin Degradation.

A lack of eco-friendly, highly active photocatalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and unclear environmental risks are significant challenges. Herein, we developed a double S-scheme Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 (110)/BiVO 4 (010)/Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst to activate PMS and investigated its impact on wheat seed germination. We observed an improvement in charge separation by depositing Fe 2 O 3 on the (010) and (110) surfaces of BiVO 4 . This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a dual S-scheme charge transfer mechanism at the interfaces of Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 (110) and BiVO 4 (010)/Fe 2 O 3 . By introducing PMS into the system, photogenerated electrons effectively activate PMS, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO 4 ·- ). Among the tested systems, the 20% Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 /Vis/PMS system exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency for norfloxacin (NOR) removal, reaching 95% in 40 min. This is twice the catalytic efficiency of the Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 /PMS system, 1.8 times that of the Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 system, and 5 times that of the BiVO 4 system. Seed germination experiments revealed that Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction was beneficial for wheat seed germination, while PMS had a significant negative effect. This study provides valuable insights into the development of efficient and sustainable photocatalytic systems for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.