Insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster in vineyards and evaluation of alternative insecticides.

Resistance to zeta-cypermethrin, malathion and acetamiprid is geographically widespread and the levels of resistance are similar between early season and late season collections. Cross-resistance was detected against all the insecticides tested, with the lowest levels seen for broflanilide, fipronil and flumethrin. These patterns of resistance/cross-resistance/multiple resistance are discussed in terms of selection within and outside of vineyards. The implications of these results to insecticide resistance monitoring and management are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.