Nivolumab combination therapy as first-line treatments for unresectable, advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Some ESCC patients will not experience a response to ICIs. Determining intrinsic and acquired resistance patterns are needed to further capitalize on ICI therapy for ESCC patients. PD-L1 expression has been explored as a potential biomarker. Data shows, however, PD-L1 positive tumor patients benefit but this assessment is not always needed.