Molecular Identification of Host Blood Meals and Detection of Blood Parasites in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected from Phatthalung Province, Southern Thailand.

Five hundred and fifty-nine female biting midges were collected, and seventeen species in six subgenera ( Avaritia, Haemophoructus, Hoffmania, Meijerehelea, Remmia , and Trithecoides ) and two groups ( Clavipalpis and Shortti ) were identified. The dominant Culicoides species was C. peregrinus (30.94%), followed by C. subgenus Trithecoides . From blood meal analysis of engorged biting midges, they were found to feed on cows, dogs, pigs, and avians. The majority of blood preferences of biting midges (68%; 49/72) displayed a mixed pattern of host blood DNA (cow and avian). The overall non-engorged biting midge field infectivity rate was 1.44 % (7/487). We detected Leucocytozoon sp. in three Culicoides specimens, one from each species: C. fulvus , C. oxystoma , and C. subgenus Trithecoides . Crithidia sp. was found in two C. peregrinus specimens, and Trypanosoma sp. and P. juxtanucleare were separately found in two C. guttifer . More consideration should be paid to the capacity of biting midges to transmit pathogens such as avian haemosporidian and trypanosomatid parasites. To demonstrate that these biting midges are natural vectors of trypanosomatid parasites, additional research must be conducted with a greater number of biting midges in other endemic regions.