Lipopolysaccharide induces steroid-resistant exacerbations in a mouse model of allergic airway disease collectively through IL-13 and pulmonary macrophage activation.

We present evidence that IL-13 and innate immune pathways (in particular pulmonary macrophages) contribute to LPS-induced exacerbation of pre-existing AAD and provide insight into the complex molecular processes potentially underlying microbial-induced exacerbations.