Genetic diversity and evolution of enterovirus A71 subgenogroup C1 from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Thailand.
Jiratchaya PuenpaKamol SuwannakarnJira ChansaenrojChompoonut AuphimaiNasamon WanlapakornSompong VongpunsawadYong PoovorawanPublished in: Archives of virology (2021)
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and may be associated with severe neurological complications. There have been numerous reports of increased incidence of EV-A71 subgenogroup C1 (EV-A71 C1) infections associated with neurological diseases since the first occurrence in Germany in 2015. Here, we describe 11 full-length genome sequences of 2019 EV-A71 C1 strains isolated from HFMD patients in Thailand from 2019 to early 2020. The genetic evolution of 2019 EV-A71 C1 was traced in the outbreaks, and the emergence of multiple lineages was detected. Our results demonstrated that 2019 EV-A71 C1 from Thailand emerged through recombination between its nonstructural protein gene and those of other EV-A genotypes. Bayesian-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the 2019 EV-A71 C1 Thai strains share a common ancestor with variants in Europe (Denmark and France). The substitution rate for the 2019 EV-A71 C1 genome was estimated to be 4.38 × 10-3 substitutions/(site∙year-1) (95% highest posterior density interval: 3.84-4.94 × 10-3 substitutions/[site∙year-1]), approximating that observed between previous EV-A71 C1 outbreaks. These data are essential for understanding the evolution of EV-A C1 during the ongoing HFMD outbreak and may be relevant to disease outcomes in children worldwide.
Keyphrases
- young adults
- genome wide
- genetic diversity
- risk factors
- escherichia coli
- copy number
- risk assessment
- end stage renal disease
- emergency department
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- gene expression
- dna methylation
- dna repair
- early onset
- peritoneal dialysis
- patient reported outcomes
- brain injury
- transcription factor
- big data
- deep learning
- amino acid
- protein protein
- insulin resistance
- drug induced
- cerebral ischemia