Comparison and applicability of three induction methods of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in murine models.

Osteoarthritis-like changes were observed in all models. Concerning the applicability of the different induction methods, surgery might be an important resource for the assessment of post-traumatic TMJ-OA and subchondral bone changes in early stages. Injection induces a severe end-stage osteoarthritis in a short time and provides model basis for advanced TMJ-OA. Crossbite might be more reasonable model to explore the pathogenesis mechanism of temporomandibular arthritis due to occlusal disorders.