Linear scaling computation of forces for the domain-decomposition linear Poisson-Boltzmann method.

The Linearized Poisson-Boltzmann (LPB) equation is a popular and widely accepted model for accounting solvent effects in computational (bio-) chemistry. In the present article, we derive the analytical forces using the domain-decomposition-based LPB-method with a van-der Waals or solvent-accessible surface. We present an efficient strategy to compute the forces and its implementation, allowing linear scaling of the method with respect to the number of atoms using the fast multipole method. Numerical tests illustrate the accuracy of the computation of the analytical forces and compare the efficiency with other available methods.