GM-CSF is a marker of compartmentalised intrathecal inflammation in multiple sclerosis.
Sarah-Jane MartinK Brand-ArzamendiG SaabA MuccilliJ OhR SchneiderPublished in: Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) (2023)
GM-CSF levels are elevated specifically in the CSF of pwMS. Our results suggest that elevated cytokine levels may reflect (at least partial) intrathecal production, as opposed to simple diffusion across a dysfunctional blood-CSF-barrier.