Genetic potential for changes in breeding systems: Predicted and observed trait changes during artificial selection for male and female allocation in a gynodioecious species.

Results illustrate the power of artificial selection and utility of multivariate selection models incorporating sex differences. They further indicate that pollen and ovule numbers and inflorescence architecture could evolve in response to selection on biomass allocation to male versus female function, producing complex changes in plant phenotype as separate sexes evolve.