Fluoroscopy-Guided Transforaminal versus Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection for Chronic Pain After Spinal Surgery: A Retrospective Mid-Term Comparative Study.

The outcomes of FL-guided CA-ESI and TF-ESI for CPSS are similar in terms of pain reduction and functional improvements. CA-ESI is associated with lesser procedure time. In addition, compared with the TF-ESI, the patient experiences less discomfort during the injection, and the satisfaction with the injection treatment is confirmed to be better. Accordingly, both methods are effective; however, in the CA approach, patient satisfaction is higher and the procedure time is shorter.