Monitoring the temporal changes in herbicide-resistant Amaranthus tuberculatus: A landscape-scale probability-based estimation in Iowa.

To our knowledge, this is the first probability-based study that presented evolution of A. tuberculatus herbicide resistance over time. The results demonstrated that imazethapyr, atrazine and glyphosate resistance in Iowa A. tuberculatus populations were frequent while resistance to lactofen and mesotrione were less frequent. Most Iowa A. tuberculatus populations evolved resistance to multiple sites of action over time. The results of our study are widely applicable given the similarities in weed management practices throughout the Midwest United States. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.