Fine-tuned photochromic sulfonylureas for optical control of beta cell Ca 2+ fluxes.

We previously developed, synthesized and tested light-activated sulfonylureas for optical control of K ATP channels and pancreatic beta cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Such technology relies on installation of azobenzene photoswitches onto the sulfonylurea backbone, affording light-dependent isomerization, alteration in ligand affinity for SUR1 and hence K ATP channel conductance. Inspired by molecular dynamics simulations and to further improve photoswitching characteristics, we set out to develop a novel push-pull closed ring azobenzene unit, before installing this on the sulfonylurea glimepiride as a small molecule recipient. Three fine-tuned, light-activated sulfonylureas were synthesized, encompassing azetidine, pyrrolidine and piperidine closed rings. Azetidine-, pyrrolidine- and piperidine-based sulfonylureas all increased beta cell Ca 2+ -spiking activity upon continuous blue light illumination, similarly to first generation JB253. Notably, the pyrrolidine-based sulfonylurea showed superior switch OFF performance to JB253. As such, third generation sulfonylureas afford more precise optical control over primary pancreatic beta cells, and showcase the potential of pyrrolidine-azobenzenes as chemical photoswitches across drug classes.