Comparative Study of Opioid Initiation with Tramadol, short-acting Hydrocodone or short-acting Oxycodone on opioid-related Adverse Outcomes Among Chronic non-cancer Pain Subjects.

Low-dose oxycodone had higher risk of opioid-related adverse outcomes compared to low-dose tramadol and hydrocodone. This should be interpreted in conjunction with the benefits of pain control and functioning associated with oxycodone use in future research.