Human gingival mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes cross-regulate the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signalling pathways in the periodontal inflammation microenvironment.

GMSC-Exo could promote the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. There could be mutually exclusive regulatory roles between the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways in a periodontal inflammatory environment. GMSC-Exo exhibited an effective cross-regulation ability for both pathways.