Subclinical cardiopulmonary dysfunction in stage 3 chronic kidney disease.

Alexander NelsonJames OttoJohn WhittleRobert C M StephensDaniel S MartinJohn R ProwleGareth L Ackland

Published in: Open heart (2016)

Subclinical cardiopulmonary dysfunction in CKD stage 3 is common. This study suggests that maladaptive cardiovascular/autonomic dysfunction may be established in CKD stage 3, preceding pathophysiology reported in end-stage CKD.

Keyphrases

chronic kidney disease
end stage renal disease
oxidative stress
heart rate variability
heart rate