Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests.
J W Ferry SlikJanet FranklinVíctor Arroyo-RodríguezRichard FieldSalomon AguilarNikolay AguirreJorge AhumadaShin-Ichiro AibaLuciana F AlvesAnitha KAndres AvellaFrancisco MoraGerardo A Aymard CSelene BáezPatricia BalvaneraMeredith L BastianJean-François BastinPeter J BellinghamEduardo van den BergPolyanna da Conceição BispoPascal BoeckxKatrin Boehning-GaeseFrans BongersBrad BoyleFabian BrambachFrancis Q BrearleySandra BrownShauna-Lee ChaiRobin L ChazdonShengbin ChenPhourin ChhangGeorge ChuyongCorneille EwangoIndiana M CoronadoJurgi Cristóbal-AzkarateHeike CulmseeKipiro DamasH S DattarajaPriya DavidarSaara J DeWaltHazimah DinDonald R DrakeAlvaro DuqueGiselda DuriganKarl EichhornEduardo Schmidt ElerTsutomu EnokiAndreas EnsslinAdandé Belarmain FandohanNina FarwigKenneth J FeeleyMarkus FischerOlle ForshedQueila Souza GarciaSatish Chandra GarkotiThomas W GillespieJean-Francois GilletChristelle GonmadjeIñigo Granzow-de la CerdaDaniel M GriffithJames GroganKhalid Rehman HakeemDavid J HarrisRhett D HarrisonAndy HectorAndreas HempJürgen HomeierM Shah HussainGuillermo Ibarra-ManríquezI Faridah HanumNobuo ImaiPatrick A JansenCarlos Alfredo JolyShijo JosephKuswata KartawinataElizabeth KearsleyDaniel L KellyMichael KesslerTimothy J KilleenRobert M KooymanYves LaumonierSusan G W LauranceWilliam F LauranceMichael J LawesSusan G LetcherJeremy LindsellJon LovettJose LozadaXinghui LuAnne Mette LykkeKhairil Bin MahmudNi Putu Diana MahayaniAsyraf MansorAndrew R MarshallEmanuel H MartinDarley Calderado Leal MatosJorge A MeaveFelipe P L MeloZhofre Huberto Aguirre MendozaFaizah MetaliVincent P MedjibeJean Paul MetzgerThiago MetzkerD MohandassMiguel A Munguía-RosasRodrigo MuñozEddy NurtjahyEddie Lenza de Oliveiranull OnrizalPia ParolinMarc ParrenN ParthasarathyEkananda PaudelRolando PerezEduardo A Pérez-GarcíaUlf PommerLourens PoorterLan QieMaria Teresa F PiedadeJosé Roberto Rodrigues PintoAxel Dalberg PoulsenJohn R PoulsenJennifer S PowersRama Chandra PrasadJean-Philippe PuyravaudOrlando RangelJan ReitsmaDiogo S B RochaSamir RolimFrancesco RoveroAndes Hamuraby RozakKalle RuokolainenErvan RutishauserGemma RuttenMohd Nizam Mohd SaidFelipe Z SaiterPhilippe SanerBraulio SantosJoão Roberto Dos SantosSwapan Kumar SarkerChristine B SchmittJochen SchoengartMark SchulzeDouglas SheilPlinio SistAlexandre F SouzaWilson Roberto SpironelloTereza SpositoRobert SteinmetzTariq StevartMarcio Seiji SuganumaRahayu SukriAisha SultanaRaman SukumarTerry Sunderlandnull SupriyadiH S SureshEizi SuzukiMarcelo TabarelliJianwei TangEd V J TannerNatalia TarghettaIda TheiladeDuncan ThomasJonathan TimberlakeMárcio de Morisson ValerianoJohan van ValkenburgTran Van DoHoang Van SamJohn H VandermeerHans VerbeeckOle Reidar VetaasVictor AdekunleSimone A VieiraCampbell O WebbEdward L WebbTimothy WhitfeldSerge WichJohn WilliamsSusan WiserFlorian WittmannXiaobo YangC Yves Adou YaoSandra L YapRakan A ZahawiRahmad ZakariaRunguo ZangPublished in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018)
Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world's tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world's tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.