Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population.

The field-based distribution and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in residential Black Swans ( Cygnus atratus ) from an urban lake (Melbourne, Australia). The concentrations of 46 aliphatic and cyclic PFASs were determined by HPLC-MS/MS in serum and excrement from swans, and water, sediment, aquatic macrophytes, soil, and grass samples in and around the lake. Elevated concentrations of ∑ 46 PFASs were detected in serum (120 ng mL -1 ) and excrement (110 ng g -1 dw) were strongly related indicating a potential noninvasive sampling methodology. Environmental concentrations of PFASs were consistent with a highly impacted ecosystem and notably high concentrations of perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS, 67584-42-3; C 8 HF 15 SO 3 ) were detected in water (27 ng L -1 ) and swan serum (16 ng mL -1 ). In the absence of credible putative alternative sources of PFECHS input to the lake, we propose that the use of high-performance motorsport vehicles is a likely source of contamination to this ecosystem. The BAF of perfluorocarboxylic acids increased with each additional CF 2 moiety from PFOA (15.7 L kg -1 ww) to PFDoDA (3615 L kg -1 ww). The BAF of PFECHS was estimated as 593 L kg -1 ww, which is lower compared with that of PFOS (1097 L kg -1 ww).