Sociodemographic and Geographic Risk Factors for All-Cause Mortality in Patients with COPD.

All-cause mortality in COPD patients is disproportionately higher in patients living in poorer neighborhoods and urban areas, suggesting the impact of social determinants of health on COPD outcomes. Black race was associated with higher age-adjusted all-cause mortality, but this association was abrogated after adjusting for gender, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and urbanicity. Future studies should focus on exploring mechanisms by which disparities arise and developing interventions to address these.