Green synthesis of tellurium-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles with sulfurized g-C 3 N 4 : Insights into methylene blue photodegradation and antibacterial capability.

The construction of SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs), specifically Te-doped SnO 2 NPs, using a simple and economical co-precipitation technique has been thoroughly described in this work. NH 3 served as the reducing agent in this procedure, whilst polyethylene glycol served as the capping agent. The primary goals of our work were to investigate the physicochemical properties of the synthesized SnO 2 NPs and assess their potential use as antibacterial agents and photocatalysts. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, ultraviolet light, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other analytical techniques were used to thoroughly analyze the NPs. Based on the full width at half maximum of the most noticeable peaks in the XRD spectrum, the Debye-Scherrer equation was used to calculate the crystallite sizes, which indicated the presence of a single tetragonal SnO 2 phase. Particularly noteworthy was the exceptional photocatalytic activity of graphene-assisted Te-doped SnO 2 NPs, achieving an impressive decomposition efficiency of up to 98% in the photo-oxidation of methylene blue. Furthermore, our investigation delved into the antibacterial attributes of the synthesized SnO 2 NPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating inhibitory effects on both bacteria strains. This suggests potential applications for these NPs in various environmental and medical contexts.