Electrolyte design for inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interfaces to enable low-temperature Li metal batteries.

Ether-based electrolyte promotes robust LiF/LiN x O y -rich solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) with favorable interfacial conduction and accommodation, thus decreasing operation temperatures of Li metal batteries to -40 °C. At -30 °C, the Li‖Ni 0.85 Co 0.05 Al 0.1 O 2 battery achieves >80% retention (130 mA h g -1 ) of its room-temperature capacity, and presents stable cycling over 100 cycles.