The investigation of volatile organic compounds in diagnosing (early) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma.

Both intraluminal and exhaled VOCs had cancer-specific compositions to accurately discriminate early UGIC and UGIC, and the ability of intraluminal VOCs was better than that of exhaled VOCs. These suggested the potential role of VOCs in diagnosing and screening early UGIC and UGIC in the future.