Synthesis of Metal Oxide/Carbon Nanofibers via Biostructure Confinement as High-Capacity Anode Materials.

For applications in energy storage and conversion, many metal oxide (MO)/C composite fibers have been synthesized using cellulose as the template. However, MO particles in carbon fibers usually experience anomalous growth to a size of >200 nm, which is detrimental to the overall performance of the composite. In this paper, we report the successful development of a generic approach to synthesize a fiber composite with highly dispersed MO nanoparticles (10-80 nm) via simple swelling, nitrogen doping, and carbonization of the cellulose microfibril. The growth of the MO nanoparticles is confined by the structure of the microfibrils. Density functional theory calculation further reveals that the doped N atoms supply ample nucleation sites for size confinement of the nanoparticles. The encapsulation structure of small MO nanoparticles in the conductive carbon matrix improves their electrochemical performance. For example, the formed SnOx/carbon nanocomposite exhibits high specific capacities of 1011.0 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and 581.8 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1. Moreover, the fiber-like nanocomposite can be combined with carbon nanotubes to form a flexible binder-free electrode with a capacity of ∼10 mA h cm-2, far beyond the commercial level. The process developed in this study offers an alternative approach to sophisticated electrospinning for the synthesis of other fiber-like MO/carbon nanocomposites for versatile applications.