Cultural universality and specificity of student engagement in school: The results of an international study from 12 countries.
Shui-Fong LamShane JimersonHyeonsook ShinCarmel CefaiFeliciano H VeigaChryse HatzichristouFotini PolychroniEve KikasBernard P H WongElena StanculescuJulie BasnettRobert DuckPeter FarrellYi LiuValeria NegovanBrett NelsonHongfei YangJosef ZollneritschPublished in: The British journal of educational psychology (2015)
The results indicate both cultural universality and specificity regarding contextual factors associated with student engagement in school. They illustrate the advantages of integrating etic and emic approaches in cross-cultural investigations.