Dissecting the Metabolic Reprogramming of Maize Root under Nitrogen-Deficient Stress Condition.

The growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) largely depends on its nutrient uptake through root. Hence, studying its growth, response, and associated metabolic reprogramming to stress conditions is becoming an important research direction. A genome-scale metabolic model (GSM) for the maize root was developed to study its metabolic reprogramming under nitrogen-stress condition. The model was reconstructed based on the available information from KEGG, UniProt, and MaizeCyc. Transcriptomics data derived from the roots of hydroponically grown maize plants was used to incorporate regulatory constraints in the model and simulate nitrogen-non-limiting (N +) and nitrogen-deficient (N -) conditions. Model-predicted flux-sum variability analysis achieved 70% accuracy comparing to the experimental change of metabolite levels. In addition to predicting important metabolic reprogramming in central carbon, fatty acid, amino acid, and other secondary metabolism, maize root GSM predicted several metabolites (L-methionine, L-asparagine, L-lysine, cholesterol, and L-pipecolate) playing regulatory role in the root biomass growth. Furthermore, this study revealed eight phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl-glycerol metabolites which even though not coupled with biomass production played a key role in the increased biomass production under N -. Overall, the omics-integrated-GSM provides a promising tool to facilitate stress-condition analysis for maize root and engineer better stress-tolerant maize genotypes.