Recent advances in understanding the role of phasic dopamine activity.

The latest animal neurophysiology has revealed that the dopamine reward prediction error signal drives neuronal learning in addition to behavioral learning and reflects subjective reward representations beyond explicit contingency. The signal complies with formal economic concepts and functions in real-world consumer choice and social interaction. An early response component is influenced by physical impact, reward environment, and novelty but does not fully code prediction error. Some dopamine neurons are activated by aversive stimuli, which may reflect physical stimulus impact or true aversiveness, but they do not seem to code general negative value or aversive prediction error. The reward prediction error signal is complemented by distinct, heterogeneous, smaller and slower changes reflecting sensory and motor contributors to behavioral activation, such as substantial movement (as opposed to precise motor control), reward expectation, spatial choice, vigor, and motivation. The different dopamine signals seem to defy a simple unifying concept and should be distinguished to better understand phasic dopamine functions.