Consumption of Boiled, but Not Grilled, Roasted, or Barbecued Beef Modifies the Urinary Metabolite Profiles in Rats.

Urinary metabolite profiles of rats fed boiled beef are clearly distinct from those of rats fed with raw, grilled, roasted, or barbecued beef. The specific metabolites include the products of non-digested proteins and may be useful as potential intake biomarkers of this meat cooking method.