Public health impact and cost effectiveness of routine and catch-up vaccination of girls and women with a nine-valent HPV vaccine in Japan: a model-based study.

A vaccination program with a 9-valent vaccine targeting 12 to 16 year-old girls together with a temporary catchup program will avert significant numbers of cases of HPV-related diseases among both men and women. Furthermore, such a program was the most cost effective among the vaccination strategies we considered, with an ICER well below a threshold of ¥5000,000/QALY.