Analysis of the Actions of RARγ Agonists on Growing Osteochondromas in a Mouse Model.

The actions of the retinoic acid nuclear receptor gamma (RARγ) agonist, palovarotene, on pre-existing osteochondromas were investigated using a mouse multiple osteochondroma model. This approach was based on the knowledge that patients often present to the clinic after realizing the existence of osteochondroma masses, and the findings from preclinical investigations are the effects of drugs on the initial formation of osteochondromas. Systemic administration of palovarotene, with increased doses (from 1.76 to 4.0 mg/kg) over time, fully inhibited tumor growth, keeping the tumor size (0.31 ± 0.049 mm 3 ) similar to the initial size (0.27 ± 0.031 mm 3 , p = 0.66) while the control group tumor grew (1.03 ± 0.23 mm 3 , p = 0.023 to the drug-treated group). Nanoparticle (NP)-based local delivery of the RARγ agonist also inhibited the growth of osteochondromas at an early stage (Control: 0.52 ± 0.11 mm 3 ; NP: 0.26 ± 0.10, p = 0.008). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the osteoarthritis pathway was activated in cultured chondrocytes treated with palovarotene (Z-score = 2.29), with the upregulation of matrix catabolic genes and the downregulation of matrix anabolic genes, consistent with the histology of palovarotene-treated osteochondromas. A reporter assay performed in cultured chondrocytes demonstrated that the Stat3 pathway, but not the Stat1/2 pathway, was stimulated by RARγ agonists. The activation of Stat3 by palovarotene was confirmed using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that palovarotene treatment is effective against pre-existing osteochondromas and that the Stat3 pathway is involved in the antitumor actions of palovarotene.