Comparative analysis of dual immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy versus immune checkpoint inhibitor plus tyrosine kinase inhibitor combination therapy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis.

ICI-based combination therapy is effective against IVCTT and primary RCC. Although ICI-ICI is associated with a higher probability of tumor growth compared with ICI-TKI in the frequency of tumor regression, both therapies may be almost equally effective against primary RCC with IVCTT.