Production of type-B trichothecenes by Fusarium meridionale, F. graminearum, and F. austroamericanum in wheat plants and rice medium.

Food security goes beyond food being available; the food needs to be free of contaminants. Trichothecenes mycotoxins, produced by Fusarium fungus, are. among the most frequently found contaminants of wheat. In this study, we evaluated the production of trichothecenes Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and nivalenol (NIV) by Fusarium meridionale, F. austroamericanum, and F. graminearum grown in wheat plants and rice medium. Fusarim meridionale was efficient only in the production of NIV (production range (pr) from 1340 to 2864 µg kg -1 in wheat plant), and F. austroamericanum in the production of 3-AcDON (pr from 50 to 192 µg kg -1 in wheat plant, and from 986 to 7045 µg kg -1 in rice medium) and DON (pr from 4076 to 13,701 µg kg -1 in wheat plant, and from 184 to 43,395 µg kg -1 in rice medium). Already, F. graminearum was efficient in the production of 3-AcDON only in rice medium (pr from 81 to 2342 µg kg -1 ), 15-AcDON in wheat plant (pr from 80 to 295 µg kg -1 ) and in rice medium (pr from 436 to 8597 µg kg -1 ), and DON also in wheat plant (pr from 7746 to 12,046 µg kg -1 ) and in rice medium (pr from 695 to 49,624 µg kg -1 ). The specificity of F. meridionale in the production of NIV but not the production of DON could generate a food security problem in regions where this species occurs and the amounts of NIV in grains and derivatives are not regulated in the food chain, as in Brazil.