Facial, dental, periodontal, and tomographic characteristics of the etiology of excessive gingival display: a cross-sectional clinical study.

These findings suggest a multifactorial etiology of EGD, primarily associated with VME and APE. Clinical periodontal examination, CBCT conducted with a lip retractor, CIW:CIH, and soft tissue facial cephalometric analysis may aid in identifying the etiological factors of EGD.