Microbiome-Metabolomics Insights into the Milk of Lactating Dairy Cows to Reveal the Health-Promoting Effects of Dietary Citrus Peel Extracts on the Mammary Metabolism.

The effects of dietary supplementation with citrus peel extract (CPE) on milk biochemical parameters, milk bacterial community, and milk metabolites were evaluated. Eight lactating cows were allocated to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Experimental treatments included the control diet (CON), and CON supplemented with CPE at 50 g/d (CPE50), 100 g/d (CPE100), and 150 g/d (CPE150). Supplementing with CPE linearly decreased milk interleukin-6 and malondialdehyde concentrations and linearly increased lysozyme activity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Compared with CON, the milk of CPE150 cows had fewer abundances of several opportunistic pathogens and psychrotrophic bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella , Sphingobacterium , Alcaligenes , Stenotrophomonas , and Ochrobactrum . Supplementing with CPE significantly altered the metabolic profiling in the milk. The metabolites of flavonoids were enriched in the milk of cows fed CPE150, while some proinflammation compounds were decreased compared with CON. Correlation analysis showed that the change in the bacterial community might partly contribute to the alteration in the expression of milk cytokines. In conclusion, CPE exerts health-promoting effects (e.g., antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory) in the mammary metabolism of cows due to its flavonoid compounds, which also provide additional value in terms of milk quality improvement.