Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium-ion Batteries: A Review.

The proliferation of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) over the past decade has led to a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by these batteries reaching the end of their lifespan. With retired EVs becoming more prevalent, the recycling and reuse of their components, particularly graphite, has become imperative as the world transitions towards electric mobility. Graphite constitutes approximately 20% of LIBs by weight, making it a valuable resource to be conserved. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the current global graphite mining landscape and explores potential opportunities for the "second life" of graphite originating from depleted LIBs. Various existing recycling and reactivation technologies in both industry and academia are discussed, along with potential applications for the recycled graphite. Understanding these processes is crucial as they form a vital aspect of the waste management hierarchy. Furthermore, this review addresses the future challenges faced by the recycling industry in dealing with expired LIBs, encompassing environmental, economic, legal, and regulatory considerations. These challenges must be carefully examined to ensure sustainable and responsible recycling practices. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the developments in recycling and reusing graphite from retired LIBs, offering valuable insights for forthcoming large-scale recycling efforts. It emphasizes the need to consider individual perspectives and align efforts towards an efficient and environmentally friendly recycling strategy, essential for the continued growth of electric mobility. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.