PEGylated β-Cell-Targeting Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve β Cell Function and Quantity by Suppressing NRF2-Mediated Ferroptosis.

MSC-EXO suppresses NRF2-mediated ferroptosis by delivering bioactive proteins to regulate the AKT/ERK signaling pathway, thereby improving the function and quantity of β cells. Additionally, Apt-EXO may serve as a novel drug carrier for islet-targeted therapy.