Exosomes as Emerging Regulators of Immune Responses in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Wei ZhengXin JiQiao Qiao YinChensi WuChengan XuHongying PanChun WuPublished in: Journal of diabetes research (2024)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Immune dysregulation-mediated chronic low-grade inflammation is a critical factor that poses a significant risk to the metabolic disorders of T2DM and its related complications. Exosomes, as small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cells, have emerged as essential regulators of intercellular communication and immune regulation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of exosomes derived from immune and nonimmune cells in modulating immune responses in T2DM by regulating immune cell functions and cytokine production. More importantly, we suggest potential strategies for the clinical applications of exosomes in T2DM management, including biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring, exosome-based therapies for drug delivery vehicles, and targeted therapy for exosomes.
Keyphrases
- mesenchymal stem cells
- glycemic control
- blood glucose
- low grade
- immune response
- stem cells
- induced apoptosis
- insulin resistance
- drug delivery
- type diabetes
- cell cycle arrest
- high grade
- oxidative stress
- cancer therapy
- transcription factor
- bone marrow
- metabolic syndrome
- cell death
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cardiovascular disease
- risk factors
- drug induced
- risk assessment
- climate change
- blood pressure
- cell proliferation
- cardiovascular risk factors
- human health
- pi k akt
- high fat diet induced