Considerations for the Bioengineering of Advanced Cardiac In Vitro Models of Myocardial Infarction.
Poonam SharmaXiaowei WangClara Liu Chung MingLaura VettoriGemma FigtreeAndrew BoyleCarmine GentilePublished in: Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) (2021)
Despite the latest advances in cardiovascular biology and medicine, myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the major causes of deaths worldwide. While reperfusion of the myocardium is critical to limit the ischemic damage typical of a MI event, it causes detrimental morphological and functional changes known as "reperfusion injury." This complex scenario is poorly represented in currently available models of ischemia/reperfusion injury, leading to a poor translation of findings from the bench to the bedside. However, more recent bioengineered in vitro models of the human heart represent more clinically relevant tools to prevent and treat MI in patients. These include 3D cultures of cardiac cells, the use of patient-derived stem cells, and 3D bioprinting technology. This review aims at highlighting the major features typical of a heart attack while comparing current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. This information has the potential to further guide in developing novel advanced in vitro cardiac models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. It may pave the way for the generation of advanced pathophysiological cardiac models with the potential to develop personalized therapies.
Keyphrases
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- left ventricular
- stem cells
- heart failure
- oxidative stress
- end stage renal disease
- acute myocardial infarction
- induced apoptosis
- endothelial cells
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- atrial fibrillation
- cell death
- signaling pathway
- prognostic factors
- patient reported outcomes
- blood brain barrier
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell therapy
- patient reported