The Clinical Translation of α-humulene - A Scoping Review.

α -humulene, a sesquiterpene found in essential oils of various plant species, has garnered interest due to its potential therapeutic applications. This scoping review aims to consolidate α -humulene's evidence base, informing clinical translation, and guiding future research directions. A scoping review was conducted of EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases up to 14th July 2023. All studies describing original research on α -humulene extraction, as well as pre-clinical and clinical research, were included for review. Three hundred and forty articles were analysed. α -humulene yields ranged from negligible to 60.90% across plant species. In vitro experiments demonstrated cytotoxicity against adenocarcinomas (such as colorectal, pulmonary, breast, prostatic, lung, and ovarian), with varying responses in other cell models. Mechanistic insights revealed its involvement in mitochondrial dysfunction, diminished intracellular glutathione levels, and the induction of oxidative stress. In rodent studies, oral administration of α -humulene at 50 mg/kg reduced inflammation markers in paw oedema and ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. Intraperitoneal administration of α -humulene (50 - 200 mg/kg) exhibited cannabimimetic properties through cannabinoid 1 and adenosine A2a receptors. α -humulene also exhibited a multitude of properties with potential scope for therapeutic utilisation. However, there is a paucity of studies that have successfully translated this research into clinical populations with the associated disease. Potential barriers to clinical translation were identified, including yield variability, limited isolation studies, and challenges associated with terpene bioavailability. Consequently, rigorous pharmacokinetic studies and further mechanistic investigations are warranted to effectively uncover the potential of α -humulene.