Quantification of Diffusive Methane Emissions from a Large Eutrophic Lake with Satellite Imagery.

Lakes are major emitters of methane (CH 4 ); however, a longstanding challenge with quantifying the magnitude of emissions remains as a result of large spatial and temporal variability. This study was designed to address the issue using satellite remote sensing with the advantages of spatial coverage and temporal resolution. Using Aqua/MODIS imagery (2003-2020) and in situ measured data (2011-2017) in eutrophic Lake Taihu, we compared the performance of eight machine learning models to predict diffusive CH 4 emissions and found that the random forest (RF) model achieved the best fitting accuracy ( R 2 = 0.65 and mean relative error = 21%). On the basis of input satellite variables (chlorophyll a , water surface temperature, diffuse attenuation coefficient, and photosynthetically active radiation), we assessed how and why they help predict the CH 4 emissions with the RF model. Overall, these variables mechanistically controlled the emissions, leading to the model capturing well the variability of diffusive CH 4 emissions from the lake. Additionally, we found climate warming and associated algal blooms boosted the long-term increase in the emissions via reconstructing historical (2003-2020) daily time series of CH 4 emissions. This study demonstrates the great potential of satellites to map lake CH 4 emissions by providing spatiotemporal continuous data, with new and timely insights into accurately understanding the magnitude of aquatic greenhouse gas emissions.